). However, Persian scholars like Imam Ghazzali emphasized that sin often stems from a "nature of the devil" within humans, which must be countered by the "fire of repentance". Sin and Redemption in Persian Literature

The Persian understanding of sin is built upon two historical layers. The first is Zoroastrianism, where sin (druj—the lie) is a cosmic contamination against asha (truth/order). The threefold moral code—Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds—meant that a sinful deed was literally an act of cosmic treason, empowering the forces of darkness.