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2. Chat system (WhatsApp, Slack)
- Key challenge: presence, message ordering, delivery guarantees.
- Scale: 1B users → shard by user_id.
- Solution: WebSocket for real‑time, Kafka for async, Cassandra for message history (write‑heavy).
- Ordering: use monotonic timestamp (per‑user sequence number).
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- Layer 1 (The API & Client): Not just REST vs. GraphQL. Discuss WebSockets for real-time or gRPC for service-to-service.
- Layer 2 (The Stateless Tier): Autoscaling rules. How does your load balancer know to spin up a new pod?
- Layer 3 (The State Tier): This is your differentiator. Cache vs. DB vs. Object Store (S3).
1. Instagram / TikTok Carousel & Reel Ideas
A. “A Day in the Life” – Traditional vs. Modern Key challenge : presence
